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''History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics'' ((ドイツ語:Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein: Studien über marxistische Dialektik)) is a 1923 book by the Hungarian philosopher György Lukács, the work for which he is best known. In the work, Lukács re-emphasizes Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's influence on Karl Marx, analyses the concept of class consciousness, and attempts a philosophical justification of Bolshevism. Though condemned in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, ''History and Class Consciousness'' helped to create Western Marxism and some of Lukács's pronouncements have become famous. Lukács later repudiated the ideas of ''History and Class Consciousness'', and came to believe that in it he had confused Hegel's concept of alienation with that of Marx. It has been suggested that the concept of reification as employed in Martin Heidegger's ''Being and Time'' (1927) shows the strong influence of ''History and Class Consciousness'', though such a relationship remains disputed. ==Summary== Lukács attempts a philosophical justification of Bolshevism, stressing the distinction between actual class consciousness and "ascribed" class consciousness, the attitudes the proletariat would have if they were aware of all of the facts.〔 Marx's idea of class consciousness is seen as a thought which directly intervenes into social being.〔Žižek 2011. p. 320.〕 Claiming to return to Marx's methodology,〔 Lukács re-emphasizes Hegel's influence on Marx, emphasizes dialectics over materialism, makes concepts such as alienation and reification central to his theory,〔McLellan 2005. p. 547.〕 and argues for the primacy of the concept of totality.〔 Lukács speaks of Marx as an eschatological thinker.〔Fromm 1975. p. 69.〕 He makes the case that his Hegelian Marxism is the correct version, opposing the Soviet version of Marxism based on a dialectics of nature inspired by Friedrich Engels.〔Bien 1999. p. 521.〕 In the essay "What is Orthodox Marxism?", Lukács argues that methodology is the only thing that distinguishes Marxism: even if all its substantive propositions were rejected, it would remain valid because of its distinctive method.〔Wright 1992. pp. 103-104.〕 According to Lukács, "Orthodox Marxism, therefore, does not imply the uncritical acceptance of the results of Marx’s investigations. It is not the ‘belief’ in this or that thesis, nor the exegesis of a ‘sacred’ book. On the contrary, orthodoxy refers exclusively to method. It is the scientific conviction that dialectical materialism is the road to truth and that its methods can be developed, expanded and deepened only along the lines laid down by its founders."〔Lukács 2000. p. 1.〕 Lukács maintains that it is through Marx's use of the dialectic that capitalist society can be seen as essentially reified and the proletariat viewed as the true subject of history and the only possible salvation of humanity. All truth, including Marx's materialist conception of history itself, is to be seen in relation to the proletariat's historical mission. Truth, no longer given, must instead be understood in terms of the relative moments in the process of the unfolding of the real union of theory and praxis: the totality of social relations. This union must be grasped through proletarian consciousness and directed party action in which subject and object are one.〔 ''History and Class Consciousness'' was republished in 1967 with a new preface in which Lukács described the circumstances that allowed him to read Marx's newly deciphered ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844'' in 1930, two years before their publication. After reading them, Lukács concluded that in ''History and Class Consciousness'' he had made a basic mistake, that of confusing Hegel's and Marx's respective concepts of alienation. To Hegel, alienation is the objectivity of nature, but for Marx, it refers not to natural objects but to what happens to the products of labor when social relationships make them commodities or capital.〔Colletti 1992. pp. 16-17.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History and Class Consciousness」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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